8/3/2023 0 Comments Visual paradigm 11.2Focalization, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. According to James (1890), “It is taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. In his famous Principles of Psychology (1980), James asserted that "the faculty of voluntarily bringing back a wandering attention, over and over again, is the very root of judgment, character, and will." His definition of attention is also widely quoted. William James's (1890/1950) views on attention are probably the most well known of the early psychologists. He also found that attention was limited: The letters in by far the largest part of the visual field, even in the vicinity of the fixation point, were not automatically perceived. Using himself as a subject and pages of briefly visible printed letters as stimuli, he found that attention could be directed in advance of the stimulus presentation to a particular region of the page, even though the eyes were kept fixed at a central point. At the end of the 19th century, Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) argued that attention is essential for visual perception. This view that has also enjoyed popularity in recent years. He assumed that the focus of attention could narrow or widen. He distinguished between perception, which was the entry into the field of attention, and apperception, which was responsible for entry into the inner focus. Wundt held that attention was an inner activity that caused ideas to be present to differing degrees in consciousness. In addition, the relation between attention and perception was one of the first topics to be studied in experimental psychology. Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first laboratory devoted to psychological research in 1879, was responsible for introducing the study of attention to the field. In addition, in the mid-1800s psychophysical methods were being developed that allowed the relation between physical stimulus properties and their corresponding psychological perceptions to be measured. The philosophical analyses of attention led to some predictions that could be tested experimentally. Although they conducted little experimental research themselves, their conceptual analysis of attention laid the foundation for the scientific study of attention in ensuing years. These topics continue to be examined and evaluated in contemporary research. They introduced several important issues, such as the extent to which attention is directed automatically or intentionally. In summary, many philosophers gave attention a central role in perception and thinking. Leibniz said, "Attention is a determination of the soul to know something in preference to other things". He noted that without apperception, information does not enter conscious awareness. Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) introduced the concept of apperception, which refers to an act that is necessary for an individual to become conscious of a perceptual event. For instance, Joan Luis Vives (1492-1540) recognized the role of attention in forming memories. The characterization of attention provided by each philosopher reflected that individual's larger metaphysical views of the nature of things and how we come to know the world. Among the issues considered were the role of attention on conscious awareness and thought, and whether attention was directed voluntarily or involuntarily toward objects or events. The topic of attention was originally discussed by philosophers. However, many ideas about attention can be traced to philosophers in the 18th and 19th centuries, preceding the foundation of the field of psychology. The study of attention has been of interest to the field of psychology since its earliest days. Attention plays a critical role in essentially all aspects of perception, cognition, and action, influencing the choices we make. The study of attention is a major part of contemporary cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Introduction to the History of Research on Attention
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